Etika dan Keadilan dalam Pagang Gadai: Fenomenologi Integratif antara Adat Minangkabau dan Ekonomi Syariah

Abstract

This study aims to uncover the social dynamics and moral economy embedded in the practice of pagang gadai in Nagari Sungai Janiah Talu and to analyze it through the lens of Islamic economics. Traditionally, pagang gadai in Minangkabau functioned as a mechanism of solidarity and economic safeguarding, enabling families to secure emergency funds without selling inherited land outside the lineage. However, the findings reveal a shift in values: what was once rooted in mutual cooperation has transformed into an exploitative economic relationship characterized by unequal benefits and ambiguous contractual arrangements. Using a phenomenological qualitative approach supported by in-depth interviews, observations, and analysis of customary documents the study identifies a weakening of the social authority of ninik mamak and a decline in moral awareness, leading to deviations from the principles of rahn syar‘i. From an Islamic economic perspective, current practices involve elements of riba, gharar, and zulm, which contradict Qur’an Surah Al-Baqarah [2]:283 and the objectives of maq??id al-syar?‘ah (particularly hifz al-m?l and hifz al-‘ird). The study recommends reconstructing pagang gadai based on Sharia principles through written contracts, fixed time limits for collateral agreements, equitable profit-sharing, and strengthening the roles of traditional leaders and local scholars. Such reforms would restore pagang gadai as a fair, ethical, and socially beneficial economic instrument for the Minangkabau community.